What do amino acids combine with to form proteins?

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and they combine specifically with one another to form long chains called polypeptides. These polypeptides then fold into specific shapes to create functional proteins. The process of amino acids forming proteins primarily occurs through peptide bonds, where the carboxyl group of one amino acid connects with the amino group of another, releasing water in the process.

In the context of the provided options, amino acids do not primarily combine with vitamins, minerals, or hormones to form proteins. These substances have their own distinct roles in the body; for example, vitamins and minerals are essential for various biochemical processes and are critical for overall health, but they do not directly participate in the formation of proteins. Enzymes, which are also proteins, facilitate biochemical reactions but do not combine with amino acids to create proteins themselves.

While enzymes are vital in the process of protein synthesis by enabling the necessary reactions, it's important to clarify that amino acids directly bond with each other rather than with enzymes to form proteins. Therefore, while enzymes are closely related to the function and creation of proteins, they are not the correct answer to the question regarding what amino acids combine with to form proteins.